{"id":6124,"date":"2021-04-20T08:00:16","date_gmt":"2021-04-20T13:00:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/braindevs.net\/blog\/blog\/?p=6124"},"modified":"2021-04-18T08:50:11","modified_gmt":"2021-04-18T13:50:11","slug":"the-rise-and-fall-and-rise-of-growth-mindset","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.braindevs.net\/blog\/the-rise-and-fall-and-rise-of-growth-mindset\/","title":{"rendered":"The Rise and Fall and Rise of Growth Mindset"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Few theories in education have had a more dramatic story arc than Carol Dweck&#8217;s &#8220;Mindset.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Based on research she started in the early 1970s, Dweck published her sumptuously-titled book <em>Mindset, The New Psychology of Success: How We Can Learn to Fulfill our Potential<\/em> in 2006. By the time I entered this field in 2008, it had gone beyond &#8220;<em>must read<\/em>&#8221; status to the &#8220;<em>what do you mean you haven&#8217;t read it?<\/em>&#8221; pantheon.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/braindevs.net\/blog\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/AdobeStock_115592741_Credit.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-6127 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/braindevs.net\/blog\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/AdobeStock_115592741_Credit-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.braindevs.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/AdobeStock_115592741_Credit-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.braindevs.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/AdobeStock_115592741_Credit-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.braindevs.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/AdobeStock_115592741_Credit.jpg 792w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Like millions of other teachers, I read it. (In fact, I wrote my own book about Mindset:\u00a0<em>Learning Grows<\/em>.)<\/p>\n<p>Across the country, Growth Mindset posters went up on classroom walls. Grading standards changed to include the words &#8220;not yet.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Like any big target, Dweck&#8217;s work attracted detractors. Doubts reached their pinnacle in 2018, when Sisk and Burgoyne published <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0956797617739704?casa_token=hjcvoGPxp0oAAAAA:4FqIj1zbgYcffQQo1XQziP2KJohzWGDetlsfNQf5DRdfX4NMThnV10lIpMAh0E1Li3GOkCAv20w\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">two meta-analyses<\/a>. Their findings:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Growth mindset doesn&#8217;t really make much of difference for student learning.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Programs designed to enhance growth mindset have little meaningful effect.<\/p>\n<p>Other large-scale studies, including <a href=\"https:\/\/braindevs.net\/blog\/\/growing-mindsets-in-argentina-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this one from Argentina<\/a>, reported similarly doubts.<\/p>\n<p>Mindset&#8217;s potential, contrary to Dweck&#8217;s subtitle, remained unfulfilled.<\/p>\n<h2>Fresh Plot Twist?<\/h2>\n<p>Since the Sisk &amp; Burgoyne meta-analyses, it has become fashionable to say &#8220;Successful mindset interventions have one variable in common: <em>Carol Dweck did them<\/em>.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>This critique is both untrue &#8212; lots of other researchers have found positive results &#8212; and unprofessional: it implies (without directly accusing) that Dweck either has been sloppy or has cooked her data.<\/p>\n<p>And yet, anyone who reads Dweck&#8217;s research over the years would hesitate to throw such shade.<\/p>\n<p>A freshly released heap o&#8217; data, in fact, might restore some interest in Mindset.<\/p>\n<p>Every three years, the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) tests 15-year-olds in science, math, and reading. They gather all sorts of data and publish those results.<\/p>\n<p>In fact, recently released data from the 2018 sitting connects a Growth Mindset with higher academic achievement. (You can read a summary article <a href=\"https:\/\/www.edweek.org\/leadership\/growth-mindset-linked-to-higher-test-scores-student-well-being-in-global-study\/2021\/04?utm_source=nl&amp;utm_medium=eml&amp;utm_campaign=eu&amp;M=59928912&amp;U=1001201&amp;UUID=5f0919c5ae755d3a0bb7aa97b6d52c95\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a>, and see the full chapter <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oecd-ilibrary.org\/sites\/bd69f805-en\/index.html?itemId=\/content\/component\/bd69f805-en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a>.)<\/p>\n<p>As Sarah Sparks summarizes the data:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>After controlling for students\u2019 and schools\u2019 socioeconomic differences, students with a strong growth mindset scored significantly higher on all subjects\u201431.5 points in reading, 27 points in science, and 23 points in math\u2014compared with students who believed their intelligence was fixed.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Unsurprisingly, Sparks reports, teachers matter:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Students with supportive teachers\u2014for example, those who show interest in every student learning and a willingness to provide extra help and explanation until a student understands\u2014were 4 percentage points more likely to have a growth mindset than those without a supportive instructor.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>In other words: when we look past the shade and the snark, we find that growth mindsets might help learning, and that teachers can help foster them.<\/p>\n<h2>Stop the Pendulum<\/h2>\n<p>Our profession, alas, tends to extremes. We might embrace Mindset Theory as our school&#8217;s shining mission; we might reject it as fashionable pseudo-science.<\/p>\n<p>I hope this time we can aim for a modest middle ground. A few points to keep in mind:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>First<\/strong>: the PISA data show <em>correlation, not causation<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>Second<\/strong>: they come from self-report.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>Third<\/strong>: they show wide differences across country and culture. (For instance: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oecd-ilibrary.org\/\/sites\/bd69f805-en\/index.html?itemId=\/content\/component\/bd69f805-en#fig88\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this graph<\/a> caught my eye.)<\/p>\n<p>Rather than put all our energies into this one strategy (or, into denigrating this one strategy), I think we can adopt a sensible logical chain:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">A: Motivated students learn more, but teachers can struggle to motivate students. (Let&#8217;s admit it: much of what we study in schools isn&#8217;t intrinsically motivating for most students.)<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">B: On average, a growth mindset offers many students a motivational boost.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">C: On average, specific teaching practices make it somewhat likelier that students will adopt a growth mindset.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">D: If we can easily adopt &#8212; and easily <em>maintain<\/em> &#8212; culturally-appropriate teaching practices that enhance a growth mindset, our efforts will help some students learn.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">E: Therefore, let&#8217;s do so.<\/p>\n<p>Do I think a one-shot mindset intervention will help? Probably not. (I don&#8217;t think a one-shot intervention of <em>anything<\/em> will help.)<\/p>\n<p>Do I think that Mindset strategies &#8212; consistently and modestly applied &#8212; will help? I do.<\/p>\n<p>Should those strategies be accompanied by <em>many other research-supported approaches<\/em> (retrieval practice, metacognition, cognitive-load monitoring, attention-fostering, stress-reduction)? Indeed they should.<\/p>\n<h2>A True Story<\/h2>\n<p>I did some consulting at a summer camp two years ago. When I went to the archery department, they asked if I wanted to try my hand with a bow.<\/p>\n<p>NO, reader, I DID NOT.<\/p>\n<p>As a camper at this very camp decades before, I had experienced repeated humiliation; I only rarely hit the target, and often missed comically\/catastrophically. Honestly, it was dreadful &#8212; one of those experiences that, 40 years later, can STILL make me blush.<\/p>\n<p>After a moment of terror, I said to myself:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">&#8220;Okay, Andrew, you talk about Growth Mindset all the time. Give it a try. Your goal shouldn&#8217;t be to get a perfect score. Just try to learn a bit and improve. That&#8217;s what you tell your students. Practice what you preach.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>What happened next was an archery miracle.<\/p>\n<p>It turns out that I am right handed, but <em>I sight with my left eye<\/em>. I had been humiliated all those years ago because I was <em>shooting with the wrong bow<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Once they got a lefty bow into my hand, taught me the stance and a few breathing tricks, I found that I&#8217;m a passable archer.<\/p>\n<p>I&#8217;m no Robin Hood, but I felt like I hit the bullseye.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Few theories in education have had a more dramatic story arc than Carol Dweck&#8217;s &#8220;Mindset.&#8221; Based on research she started in the early 1970s, Dweck published her sumptuously-titled book Mindset, The New Psychology of Success: How We Can Learn to Fulfill our Potential in 2006. By the time I entered this field in 2008, it [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":6127,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[20],"class_list":["post-6124","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-lb-blog","tag-mindset"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.braindevs.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6124","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.braindevs.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.braindevs.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.braindevs.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/18"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.braindevs.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6124"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.braindevs.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6124\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6129,"href":"https:\/\/www.braindevs.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6124\/revisions\/6129"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.braindevs.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6127"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.braindevs.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6124"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.braindevs.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6124"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.braindevs.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6124"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}